Physical Context

Physcial Context includes children's gross (Large Muscle) and fine (Small Muscle) motor skills.Children master increasingly sophisticated tasks and again personal responsibility for their own physical needs,such as dressing themselves,arrange their belongings,tieing shoes and buttoning shirt etc.As children learn what their bodies can do, they gain self confidence in turn. the more they can do the more willing they are to try new and challenging tasks.And brain research shows that moving the body literally wake up the brain.

Physical Development of the preschool children and role of a preschool teacher

• Preshool Children are extremely active.They have good control of their bodies and enjoy activity.So, as a teacher provide plenty of opportunity for the children to run,climb and jump.Arrange these activities as much as possible,so that they are under your control.

• Because of their inclination toward bursts of activities,Kindergarteners need frequent rest periods.So, as a teacher schedule quite activities after strenous ones.Have rest time.

Buttoning Shirt 

• Preschooler's large muscles are more developed than those that control fingers and hands.Therefore preschoolers may be quite clumsy at or physically incapable of such skills as tieing shoes and buttoning shirt.So,as a teacher avoid too many small motor activities sucha as pasting paper chains.Instead provide them big brushes, crayons and tools.

• Young children fint it dificult to focus their eyes on small objects this is because their eye and hand co-ordination may be imperfect.So, as a teacher the necessity for the children to look at small things should be minimized.The reason behind the large print in children's book is due to their incomplete eye development.

• Although the children's bodies are flexible and resilient, the bones that protect the brain are still soft.So, as a teacher be extremely worry of blows to the head in games or fights between children.

• Although boys are bigger,girls are ahead of boys in practically all other areas of development , especially in fine motor skills. So, as a teacher don't be surprised if boy are clumsier at manipulating small objects.It may be desirable to avoid boy-girl comparisons or competition involving such skills.

Child Psychology

Understanding children's typical behaviour,how they think,how they view their surrounding world is called child psychology.

Why do we need to know about the Child Psychology?

• To Know the general growth pattern of all children.
• To understand the reason behind the typical behaviour that preschool children show and to knowthe strategies to cope with it in an effective way.
• To guide children during learning.
• To select appropriate materials.
• To help children to tackle the difference that we encounter in individual children.

Child Development and Contexts of Child Psychology

Child Development refers to the changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of  as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing.Every child is unique in his or her own way.Yet there are certain similarities that children share with each other.When we think of development, what comes to mind?If you are like most people,you probably think about the internal factors that influence how a child grows,such as genetic and personal characteristics.However,development involves much more than the influences that arise from within an individual.Environmental factors such as social relationships and the culture in which we live also play essential roles.Some of the major contexts that we need to consider in our analysis of child psychology include:

1. Physical Context
2. Cognitive Context
3. Social Context 
4. Emotional Context

Exercise in Montessori Method

Exercise in Montessori Method

In Montessori Method of teaching we should follow numerous Practical Life Exercises to make class more interesting and interactive.Children become more and more extrovert to the hands-on experiments of what they are learning.This helps to enhance their knowledge twice much as they do rote learning or without the Practical Life Exercises.

So below are some exercises which we follow in Montessori Method of Teaching.

Exercise of Practical Life

Exercise of Practical Life

1. Sweep the room
2. Cleaning and dusting
3. Arrange the Furniture
4. Learn how to blow their nose
5. Tie their shoe laces
6. Polish shoes,mirror
7. Fasten belt,buckles
8. Set the table
9. Serve food and drink
10. Learn to make their hair
11. Fold Handkerchief
12. Button/Unbutton their clothes
13. Taking care of their environment,pet animals,plants
14. Greet talk in polite ways

Exercise in Sensory Training

Exercise in Sensory Training

1. For perception of Size
2. For perception of Forms
3. For perception of Colors
4. For discrimination of Weight
5. For discrimination in Touch
6. For discrimination of Sound
7. For discrimination of Smell
8. For the sense of Temperature

Didactic Apparatus for teaching language-reading,writing and arithmetic

Sand Paper Letter

1. Sand Paper Letter/numbers
2. Word Card
3. Picture Card
4. LMA Box
5. Number Cards
6. Counters
7. Number Rod
8. Spindle Box
9. Base ten blocks

                 

Montessori Education System

History

Maria Montessori

Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori (August 31, 1870 - May 6, 1952) was a physician and educator. Maria Montessori's educational method is in use today in public and private schools throughout the world.

Birth and Family

Montessori was born in Italy. Montessori's father, Alessandro Montessori was an official of the Ministry of  Finance in the local state-run tobacco factory. Her mother Renilde Stoppani was well educated and was also the great niece of Italian geologist and paleontologist. While she did not have any particular mentor, she was very close to her mother who encouraged her . Maria Montessori also had a loving relationship with her father, although he disagreed with her choice to continue her education.

Early Education

The Montessori family moved to Florence in 1873 and then to Rome in 1875 because of her father's work. Montessori entered a public elementary school at the age of 6 in 1876. Her early school record was "not particularly noteworthy", although she was awarded certificates for good behavior in the 1st grade and for "lavori donneschi", or "women's work", the next year.

 Secondary School

In 1883 or 1884, at the age of 13, Maria Montessori entered a secondary, technical school Regia Scuola Technica Michelangelo Buonarroti, where she studied Italian, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, accounting,history,geography and sciences. She graduated in 1886 with good grades and examination results.

University of Rome- Medical School

Maria Montessori moved forward with her intention to study medicine. She appealed to Guido Baccelli, the professor of clinical medicine at the University of Rome, but was strongly discouraged. In 1890, Montessori enrolled in the University of Rome in a degree course in natural son "Sciences.This degree along with the additional degrees in Italian and Latin qualified Maria Montessori for her entrance into the medical program at the University in 1893 and Montessori graduated from the Montessori graduated from the University of Rome in 1896 as a doctor of medicine.

Early career

From 1896 - 1901, Maria Montessori worked and researched on "Neurasthenic" children. In recent terms, children having some kind of mental disabilities. Maria Montessori traveled, researched for women's rights and education for mentally disabled children. 

New Role of Technology in Montessori School

Today is the age of 21st Century,no one is far from the ease and use of technology.There a tremendous applications which help to guide the beginners.Use of technology has become the most essential part of our daily life as for example, today teachers use several applications to make the teaching method easier for them and learning method efficient for the students.

Use Of Technology

In our present context it seems that everywhere we turn, we easily find an “app” for this or that. Whereas some people believe that there is no place for modern technology in the Montessori environment, others are very busy creating online applications that are specifically focused towards the Montessori Teaching Methodology. 

The problem of teachers' lack of expertise with computers will diminish as individuals return to admit
computers for writing, calculating, and communicating. this can be already happening. it's easier to kind into a word processor than to jot down by hand. (Indeed it's arduous to believe that we'll still place youngsters through the agony of learning handwriting, apart from printing, once data processing is most easier.) it's easier to try and do taxes on a computer than to try and do them by hand. And it's easier to send email correspondence than to post a letter. These uses can become commonplace among school students, secretaries, and bookkeepers, therefore there'll be each reason to believe they will become commonplace among lecturers. the matter of coping with computers, are obtaining them fastened, will become minor once the machines are used as a matter in fact.

But the resolution of those types of issues doesn't essentially mean that computers are going to be employed in faculties.Television is pervasive in society and can most likely ne'er be wide employed in faculties. thus why ought to computers return to be wide used once tv is not? My answer is that the computer's commonest uses, that are associated with work, are getting necessary to accomplish college goals. faculties are within the business of teaching students a way to read and write and calculate and assume. because the laptop becomes a vital tool for doing things in society at massive,
its use by students is inevitable. we have a tendency to don't teach individuals a way to drive cars by having them ride bicycles, nor can we teach individuals a way to do computer-based work by having them use a pencil and paper, arithmetic procedures, and library card catalogs

Small,caring and learning Communities

Research carried out in different schools shows that small,caring and learning communities effects the child more and increases the passion of studying new and variety of learning and are retained and transferred to other learning environment and opportunities in future.

Small Caring Communities

In order to facilitate innovations in faculties, i might prefer to propose the subsequent style principles. they're associate attempt to synthesize the essential parts of varied proposals for redesigning faculty systems.

1. There ought to be a mechanism whereby a gaggle of oldsters and lecturers in an exceedingly administrative district will begin a college.If oldsters and lecturers in an exceedingly administrative district wish to start out a college and if they need a minimum of, say, 25 to 50 students, they ought to receive from the district a minimum of up to this value per pupil within the district. They should receive house in associate existing building that's proportional to the amount of scholars.

2.Since there'll be prices related to beginning a college (money for books, technology, and so on), further start-up financing ought to come back from a special fund, that ought to additionally offer resources for the growth of colleges to take on a lot of pupils. additionally, members of the district employees ought to be appointed to encourage winning schools (either inside or outside the district) to line up branches within the district.There ought to be a mechanism whereby faculties square measure closed. If associate existing school's enrollment falls below a minimum (say twenty pupils), then ought to be closed and its students forced to decide on another school within the system. 

3. A national agency ought to be established to supply oldsters and kids with data concerning every faculty.To make effective selections, oldsters and kids have to be compelled to have access to data relating to the academic policy and success of every faculty - almost like the type of knowledge accessible in national guides to schools. This kind of knowledge is best collected by a national agency, to avoid dishonesty on the a part of native officials. The sorts of data the agency may offer embrace dropout statistics, check lots of students,college entrance and faculty graduation rates of scholars from {the school|the varsity|the faculty}, random samples of opinions of former students and their oldsters, description of the school's operation and facilities by neutral observers, and occupational profiles of former students. All oldsters and kids United Nations agency are creating a school-choice decision within the future ought to receive data concerning all the faculties they could contemplate. within the case of a new school, solely a press release of intent would be doable, unless it's a branch of associate existing faculty or a member of a coalition of colleges.

4. Students higher than a particular age ought to be provided alternatives to additional schooling. If students of a particular age (for example, twelve years old) want to drop out of college, then they ought to be allowed sure choices One option may be to depart faculty, if they will notice regular employment with a legitimate business. Another option may be regular participation in an exceedingly authorized  program, like a music camp or Boy Scouts. Most vital, there ought to be a national various utility program, like visual image, that may settle for any student over the eld. however students United Nations agency take one among these choices before age eighteen ought to be inspired each year to recruit in an exceedingly faculty of their alternative and continue their education. As Peter Drucker argues, we should encourage continued education - education that goes on throughout one's life - instead of extended education, that keeps one out of the hands through a extended and longer adolescence.

5. faculties ought to be allowed to pick out the scholars they like, however there ought to be incentives to decide on hard-to place students. If the planned system is winning, faculties can specialize. this suggests that their instructional programs can in all probability be a lot of winning certainly sorts of students than for others. It the system restricts schools' ability to pick out their students, it'll prohibit their ability to specialize so undercut a serious goal of the plan. On the opposite hand, all faculties might want to simply accept sure sorts of students and reject others. To offset this tendency, larger money resources ought to follow hard-to-place students. In fact, the resources need to be enough larger to offset the systematic preferences of colleges, that suggests some reasonably market medium.

Learn with Fun at Montessori School

Learn with Fun is mostly known as "Play Way Method". In Play Way Method child learn through fun such as rhymes,story telling,drama,songs,music,dancing,games etc.Learning through playing more effective and efficient than rote learning in case of child within and beyond 5 years old child.

There are several theories about Play Way Method in Early Childhood/ Montessori Education

1. Children learn and grow by playing
2. Play as Therapy
3. Play as Rehearsal
4. Play as Preparation
5. Play as Sensory Learning
6. Play as Intellectual Development
7. Play as Social Development

Family Services provided in Montessori School

Traditional School doesn't provide homelike or family services to children whereas in Montessori school, they provide family service that means they are oriented to provide home like environment to make students feel free of study burden.

Through the lot of research carried out in several places it is concluded that child at Montessori school get more care and love in compare to traditional school.They provide a very safe and secure environment,a hygienic food and a variety of playing study related materials.Lots of children are happy and cheerful because of the variety of services provided by Montessori schools.

Collaborative Learning in Montessori School

Montessori Education focus on the collaborative learning which means there will be enormous experiments on what you are learning.This type of learning focuses on the practical instead of theory.Collaborative Learning helps students to understand the topic more efficiently and effectively.For example, we are teaching sink and float to the students and for float if we blow bubbles in the air and show them the demo then class will be more interactive and more enjoyable.Same like this we can show the experiment of sink by dipping a iron nail in a bucket of water.Children will love it and this will help them to memorize in future as well.

Collaborative learning is a teaching style that has evolved over the last thirty years and is still evolving.It is a teacher network that shares resources either to be used as they are, or tweaked a little to suit different classrooms or to be an inspiration/a template to develop new resources that we hope you will in turn share with us.

Children exploring their knowledge

Unsociablility

Activities

Language and cognitive

Interactivity

Child exploring his knowledge 

Inside Classroom we must have three aims:

First to develop several available resources that empowers learners by encouraging them to work with every other competitive learner in the class in a playful, but purposeful, way. We should not only nurture emotionally but also by social development and make learners confident in sharing what they know.

Second to make complex ideas easily accessible by presenting them in concrete, visual and tactile forms. By taking abstract thinking out of their heads and putting it on the table. By breaking ideas down and presenting them as case studies with lots of precised detail and related examples. Finally ,by providing scaffolding.

Third to encourage maximum exploratory talk in the classroom. There is tremendous  evidences that talking and thinking work together to develop new meanings. There is also evidence that talk has been neglected in so many classrooms and this has widened the gap in attainment. Talk is good for all learners and vital for small kids learning a new language while they are in process of learning period. Activities like scaffold talk can help teachers plan for the language to support thinking. Also allow learners to move from social language to curriculum/academic talk and from there to confident writing.

New Roles For Students in Montessori Schools

Roles For Students in Montessori Schools

Students are taught how to be polite,how to use the polite words and how to ask for help in different ways .They learn with fun and more interactive ways.

1. Asking for something
2. Asking about words
3. Asking to Repeat
4. Asking for Help/Apologizing

When the children had completed an absorbing bit of work, they appeared rested and deeply pleased.It almost seemed as if a road had opened up within their souls that led to all their latent powers,revealing the better part of themselves.They exhibited a great affability to everyone,put themselves out to help others and seemed full of good will - Dr. Montessori MD

Demonstrating

Children learn a good deal at school, though what abundant of what they learn isn't
part of their formal program. additionally equally necessary is that the "hidden program," for
children are also schooled – to a larger or lesser extent – the way to slot in with a social
system, the way to follow rules and order, respect authority, obey, compete, and come through
success at intervals the boundaries of the system.

Kindergarten is mostly formed by educators as a year of preparation for varsity.It is thought of as a year within which babies, 5 or six years previous, area unit ready socially and showing emotion for the educational learning which can occur over ensuing twelve years.Finally, a foundation of behavior and attitudes are going to be set in preschool on which youngsters will acquire the abilities and data they'll be educated within the alternative grades

New Roles for Teachers in Montessori Schools

In traditional classrooms students were more in number and teachers pay less attention to child,students work alone and rarely make presentation,rote learning was the most.Whereas in Montessori approach each child in the classroom is centralized and teachers guide them to understand for long-term.This helps students see the complexity and interdisciplinary aspects of any job or activity in a more realistic helping them prepare more effectively for the real challenges ahead.

The most important consideration in deciding to set up a Montessori class is the teacher.Using the Montessori approach to teach is extremely challenging but equally exciting and rewarding.Kindergarten academics instruct students in basic subjects however also are needed to nurture kids and teach them valuable social skills. By victimization active lessons and artistic play, they lay the muse for future learning.Kindergarten academics square measure tasked with giving students a good begin in education and serving to them build a powerful foundation for learning. If you are pondering changing into a preschool teacher, you will need to make sure that you are ready to require on the myriad duties such a task entails. there is not any single instruction that works for each kid, and preschool academics have to be compelled to be ready to manage behavior and implement completely different ways to assist youngsters begin their instructional careers on the proper foot.

Teaching to use computer

Job Duties for Teaching preschool

Social Duties

Kindergarten lecturers are a number of the foremost vital lecturers youngsters can ever meet throughout their tutorial careers. Kindergartners will be unruly and unpredictable, and preschool academics should be ready to manage a schoolroom choked with distinctive personalities. Consistency, attentiveness and explaining rules clearly all play roles in behavior management. academics ought to conjointly facilitate students master basic social skills, like sharing, act, breakdown conflicts and apologizing. Some students would possibly would like further facilitate developing social skills or learning to manage their own behavior, and academics ought to be ready to figure with students and their folks to develop activity plans.

Academic Duties

Kindergarten lecturers teach their students basic tutorial skills, as well as letter recognition, teaching reading and sound awareness. additionally to those tasks, they assist students learn to browse and write.

Kindergarten lecturers instruct youngsters on basic mathematical ideas. Pupils learn variety recognition, easy addition and subtraction, basic fractions, activity and drawback resolution. Students in preschool additionally learn social skills, science, arts and humanities, sensible living and social studies. several preschool lecturers instruct constant category of scholars the whole day, however different preschool lecturers instruct one preschool category within the morning and a distinct set of scholars within the afternoon.

Responsibilities

Kindergarten lecturers are chargeable for leading students through artistic play and active activities. they have to set up lessons in keeping with the state programme and assess students, trade their lessons in keeping with the various talents of youngsters within the room. preschool lecturers grade papers and conduct parent-teacher conferences furthermore. they will additionally sponsor outside clubs or sports groups.

Education Responsibilities

Kindergarten is that the initial introduction several kids get to formal education, and a primary duty of preschool academics is to confirm that kids area unit able to begin grade. Basic tasks embody teaching skills, like letters and vowel sounds, teaching numbers and enumeration, serving to kids learn colors and shapes, and ingraining a love of reading by oft sharing written stories.

Project and Instructional based in Kindergarten

Project and instructional based learning is a learning experience which aims to provide students with the opportunity to elaborate their knowledge from different areas of learning and relate to apply it in real life.

SDLC of Project

PLE Exercise

In this process students are also motivated to learn how to use new technology to support such assignments.This type of learning especially focus more on students to give the opportunity to go through an educational approach which allows them to transcend the limiting nature of the one-to-one teacher-student relationships in favor of mastering how to collaborate with each other to get the efficient and effective results.

Example App Game

Project learning, conjointly referred to as project-based learning, may be a dynamic approach to teaching during which students explore real-world issues and challenges, at the same time developing cross-curriculum skills whereas operating in tiny cooperative teams.

Because project-based learning is full of active and engaged learning, it conjures up students to get a deeper information of the topics they are learning. analysis conjointly indicates that students ar additional doubtless to retain the information gained through this approach much more pronto than through ancient textbook-centered learning. additionally, students develop confidence and self-reliance as they move through each team-based and freelance work.

In the method of finishing their comes, students conjointly hone their structure and analysis skills, develop higher communication with their peers and adults, and infrequently work inside their community whereas seeing the positive result of their work.

Because students ar evaluated on the premise of their comes, instead of on the relatively slender rubrics outlined by exams, essays, and written reports, assessment of project-based work is usually additional purposeful to them. They quickly see however tutorial work will connect with real-life problems -- and will even be galvanized to pursue a career or interact in policy that relates to the project they developed.

PLE Exercise

 Students conjointly thrive on the bigger flexibility of project learning. additionally to collaborating in ancient assessment, they may be evaluated on displays to a community audience they need assiduously ready for, informative tours of a neighborhood historical web site supported their recently noninheritable  experience, or screening of a written film they need fastidiously created.

Project learning is additionally a good thanks to integrate technology into the programme. A typical project will simply accommodate computers and therefore the web, further as interactive whiteboards, global-positioning-system (GPS) devices, digital still cameras, video cameras, and associated writing instrumentality.

PLE Exercise

Project and instructional based learning may be a learner-centered tutorial strategy that provides students with the opportunity for Associate in Nursing in-depth investigation of a subject which ends up in Associate in Nursing outcome of significance like a product or service. the scholars facilitate their learning by coming up with,implementing and evaluating a project that has world implications. whereas the concept of project-based learning has been around since the 1900’s, it's been slow to catch on within the Unites State owing to considerations over implementation and also the current focus in our country on assessment. However, Project-Based Learning has important advantages for our students United Nations agency can be coming into a twenty first century geographical point wherever high worth is placed on power, collaboration and
initiative. whereas developing and finishing a project, students have to be compelled to use higher order important thinking, analytical and cooperative learning skills as they build information and solve problems. whereas execution comes, students area unit exposed to a good vary of labor force skills including project coming up with, negotiation, deciding and time management.

Project-Based Learning embraces the growing diversity in today’s lecture rooms as a result of it
provides opportunities for college students of a range of ages, abilities, intelligences, life experiences
and cultural and ethnic backgrounds to form distinctive contributions, showcase their skills and be
seen by their peers as leaders and consultants. Students feel in conducive to the project
and to their community. This builds students’ self worth and respect among their peers. A
cohesive, cooperative room community is constructed and better levels of motivation and
engagement area unit achieved as students create important connections between the various
disciplines inside the program, their room and also the outside world.

Vital Tips of Montessori Education

Kindergarten Classroom

Approach 

Montessori education was founded in 1870 by Dr. Maria Montessori,the italian physician.She first took some group of disabled children and gave them some materials to learn as an experiment.She then discoverd that the children who learn without any physical materials grasps less in compare to the students to learns pracically.The experince she gathered was popular and liked by people around the world.Despite of critisim of her approach her teaching strategy have also been praised by novelist and philosoher.

Montessori approach offers a broad vision of education as an aid to life. It is especially designed and focussed for children to help them grasp the knowledge more rapidly with future rememberance.Montessori classroom provides the children with variety of material and hands on experiments where children are free to learn with fun and natural way.

Principles and Methods

• Project and Insructional based
• New roles for teachers
• New roles for students
• Collaborative Learning
• Family Services
• Learn with fun
• Small, caring and learning communities
• New role of technology